Taron Ki Sair |Quiz 06 /26 | Gas Giant (गैसीय ग्रह)

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A gas giant is a giant planet composed mainly of hydrogen and helium. Gas giants are sometimes known as failed stars because they contain the same basic elements as a star. Jupiter and Saturn are the gas giants of the Solar System.

Wikipedia

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1. Jupiter

1. In January 7,1610 Galileo first observed the four moons of Jupiter through a homemade telescope. 1.Ganymede 2. Callisto 3. IO 4. Europa

2. We have discovered more than 63 satellites of the Jupiter so far.

3. Distance of the jupiter from the sun is 78 Crore Km.

4. The size of the Jupiter is so large that inside in 1300 earth may be accommodate.

5. Jupiter is 300 times more heavier than our Earth.

6. Its density is 1/4 th in comparison to the Earth.

7.Diameter of the Jupiter

8. It is fastest planet in the Solar System. It completes one rotation about its axis in 10 hours.

9. Atmosphere of the Jupiter

10. The temperature of the core of the Jupiter is 30,000 C

11. Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is a gigantic storm that’s about twice as wide as Earth, circling the planet in its southern hemisphere.

12. Mission on Jupiter– Launched from Kennedy Space Center, Voyager 1 was the first of twin spacecrafts launched in 1977 to reach Jupiter. Voyager 1 set out to collect information on the atmospheres, interiors, satellites and magnetosphere of Jupiter and Saturn

13. Rings on Jupiter

2. Saturn

1. Galileo was the first person who saw the rings of the saturn.
2. Saturn is the lightest planet in the Solar System. Its density is less than Water.
3. Rings of the saturn is broadly divided in the Five parts. i.e. A,B,C,D and E. Ring A,B and C are visible from the Earth. Ring B is brightest among all rings.

4. Distance from the Sun and it’s Diameter

5. Saturn is second biggest planet in the Solar System.

6. Saturn is 95 times heavier and 9.5 times bigger than the Earth

7. Internal Structure of the Saturn

8. The great white spot

The Great White Spot, also known as Great White Oval, on Saturn, named by analogy to Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, are periodic storms that are large enough to be visible from Earth through telescope by their characteristic white appearance.

It comes once in the every 30 years. It was last seen in the 1990 So it will next visible in 2020.

9. Saturn’s satellite “Titan” was discovered by Christiaan Huygen. Titan is the Second largest satellite after genemede of the Jupiter in our Solar System. Its average temperature is -170 C.

• 

  Saturn’s Moon

• 

  Titan

10. The saturn has 82 satellite.

11. Cassini- Huygen Mission on Titan

The Cassini–Huygens space-research mission, commonly called Cassini, involved a collaboration between NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Italian Space Agency to send a probe to study the planet Saturn and its system, including its rings and natural satellites.

Wikipedia

3. Uranus

1. Uranus was discovered by William Herschel in 1718.
2. Its diameter is 51,180 Km.
3. It is tilted by 57 degree from its rotational Axis. It is rotate parallel to its rotational axis.
4. Its rotational period is 17 hours.
5. Uranus has 09 rings.
6. Its colour is Blue-green.

4. Neptune

1. Its diameter is 49,495 Km.
2. Neptune Atmosphere

3. The great dark spot-It is one of a series of dark spots on Neptune similar in appearance to Jupiter’s Great Red Spot. In this, speed of storm is 2400 Km/hr.

4. Its clouds cast shadow on the its surface .

5. It has 13 moons.Triton is its largest moon.

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Taron Ki Sair |Quiz 05 /26 | Terrestrial planets (पथरीले ग्रह)

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A terrestrial planet, or rocky planet is a planet that is composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals. Within the Solar System, the terrestrial planets are the inner planets closest to the Sun.

Wikipedia

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There are four solar terrestrial ( Rocky) Planets. i.e, Mercury(बुध ),  Venus (शुक्र), Earth ( पृथ्वी) and Mars (मंगल ). Out of these,  Mercury(बुध ) is the smallest whereas Venus (शुक्र) is the hottest.

1. Mercury(बुध )

Planet Mercury is named after the Roman god of commerce, travel, and thievery. In Greek mythology, Mercury was known as Hermes, the messenger of the gods. It probably received this name because it moves very quickly across the sky.

Important Facts about Mercury

1. Mercury is the smallest Planet in the Solar System.
2. It is the closest Planet to the Sun.
3. Its is Second dense Planet.
4. It have No moons/Satellites.
5. Diameter of Mercury is 4880 Km.
6. Day time temperature is 400°C and Night Temperature is – 170 °C.
7. It is second hottest Planet
8. It’s one day i.e time between Sunrise to Sunrise is equal to its 2 days.

2. Venus (शुक्र)

Important Facts about Venus

1. Venus is second nearest planet to the Sun.
2. This planet is named after the Roman goddess of Love and beauty.
3. Venus is second brightest natural object in the sky after the Sun and the Moon.
4. It is also known as the Mourning Star and The Evening Star.
5. Its contraction and size is just similar to the Earth . So it is also known as Sister of the Earth.
6. Distance from the Sun 10.82 Crore Km and its Diameter is 12,103 Km.
7. Venus has gravity equal to 91% of Gravity of the Earth.
8. Venus has no moon.
9. It orbits around the sun in 224.7 Earth days and rotational period about its axis is 243 Days. i.e. One day on Venus is longer than is one Year.
10. Venus is moving in the opposite direction than most planets, only Uranus also does same. They both move from East to West, clockwise direction.i.e. It has retrograde rotation
11. The orbit of Venus in the Solar System is almost spherical.
12. It is hottest Planet of the Solar System. Due to huge amount of Carbon Dioxide gas. This gas is also known as Heat Trapping gas.
13. Venus Atmosphere has 96% carbon Dioxide and 3.5% Nitrogen.
14. Surface temperature of Venus is 480 °C .
15. Due to Sulfuric Acid clouds its surface is not visible.

3. Earth ( पृथ्वी)

Important Facts about the Earth

1. Earth is third nearest planet of our Solar System.
2. Distance of the Earth from the Sun is approx 15 Crore Kms. As path of earth’s orbit is elliptical so average distance is 149,597,870,Km. This distance of the Earth form the Sun is known as an Astronomical Unit ( AU) which is used to measure distances of solar system.
3. Earth’s atmosphere contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, and 0.03% carbon dioxide with very small percentages of other elements. Our atmosphere also contains water vapor.

4. Earth’s interior is divided into 03 layers- (i) The Crust, (ii) The Mantle & (iii) The Core.The inner core of the Earth is made of Nickel and Iron ( NIFE) and its temperature is 6500 °C. The mantle is a liquid metal layer .

5. Earth’s rotational period is 24 hours and orbital time period is 365 days . so we have 24 hours in a day and 365 days in a year.\

6. Our earth is tilted to 23.5 ° at its rotational axis. Due to this we have different season on the Earth.

7. We are moving with approx 30 Km/Sec or 1,11,000 Km/hour with the Earth around the Sun.

4. Moon ( चन्द्रमा)

1. The moon is the only one natural satellite of the Earth.
2. The moon is the second dense satellite after the satellite lo of the jupiter.
3. Gravity on the moon is one sixth of the gravity of the Earth. If your weight on the Earth is 90 Kg then it will be only 15 Kg on the moon.
4. Moon has no atmosphere.
5. Temperature of its brighter side is 115 °C and darker side is -170 °C.
6. Moon has nearly Five lakhs of creators .
7. We always see only one face of the Moon.Because its rotational time and orbital time is almost same i.e. 27.32 days.
8. The Moon is drifting at 3.8 cm away from the Earth every year.

5. Mars ( मंगल)

1. Mars is also known as Red Planet.
2. It’s red colour is due to presence of red oxide on its surface.
3. Mars is tilted at 25.2 ° with it’s rotational axis like the Earth.
4. It’s rotational time period is 24.6 days.
5. Diameter of Mars is 6,794 Km.
6. Gravity on mars is 60% of the Earth’s gravity.
7. Its average temperature is -65°C.
8. Its biggest Crater is Hellas Basin – 2100 Km wide and 10 Km deep.
9. It has ice caps on its both poles.
10. Mars has two satellites Fobus and Demons.

6. Asteroid  

1. Ceres is the largest asteroid in our solar system. It is about 1/4th of the size of the moon and orbits the sun between Mars and Jupiter in a region called the asteroid belt.

2. The Asteroid belt exists between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. There are four largest asteroid in this belt – Ceres, Vesta, Pallas and Hygiea Which contributes half of mass of the belt.

World Asteroid day in celebrated on 30 June

Quiz

Previous Quiz

1. Taron Ki Sair |Quiz 04/26 |Story of the Sun

2. Taron Ki Sair Quiz-03 / Evolution of Astronomy

3.. Taron ki Sair |Quiz series – 02 /26 |Stars in the Sky

4 .Taron Ki Sair|Quiz-01|Episode- 01 Incredible Universe.

Taron Ki Sair |Quiz 04/26 |Story of the Sun

Story of the Sun

1.The Energy received from the sun in an hour,is equal to an energy consumption throughout the year of the whole world.

2. The Sun is only one star in our Solar System and brightest one.

3. The sun has 99.8% mass of the entire solar system. The sun is 3,30,000 times heavier than the Earth. If the sun would a hollow Sphere, then more than 10 lakh earth were required to  filling it.

3.Gravity of the Sun is  28 times more than that of  the earth. That is, if your weight on earth is 100 kilograms, we would have 2800 kilograms on the sun.

4.Due to higher gravity, the Sun is a perfect sphere.

5. Circumference of the Sun is  44,00,000 (44 Lac) km. If we  connect the earth like objects  from one end to another end of the the sun, then 109 Earth  will be required to size of the sun.

6. Birth of the Sun – Before 450 crore years, A cloud of  dust and Hydrogen gas started rotating and sinking and its swell in middle while in this process and become flatten from corners. This middle part becomes was going to become over Sun. When the temperature of this central part becomes 1 crore degree celsius then hydrogen gas atoms fused together and started to form Helium atom. This process is called Nuclear Fusion. This Nuclear fusion reaction is the ultimate source of the Sun.

7. After one crore year  birth the Sun, birth of eight planets happened. four rocky Planets-Mercury , Venus, Earth and Mars. Four Gas Planets– Jupiter and Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

8. The sun is made of mostly from two materials- 73% Hydrogen and 25% Helium . Hydrogen works like fuel for the source of the Sun and forms Helium by Nuclear fusion.

9. Nuclear Fusion- In Nuclear Fusion two small atoms combined together and forms bigger atom

Different Parts of Sun-

10. There are four parts of the Sun -A. Core B. Radiative Zone C. Convective Zone D. Photospher

(A) Core- The temperature of core of the Sun is 150 crore degree Celsius and pressure 1.5 lakh kg/sq metre. In core, Nuclear Fusion reaction is continuously taking place. In this reaction, two proton combines together and forms a Helium atom . There is loss of some mass in this process which is converted into huge energy as per Einstein’s Mass Energy Formula E= MC²

(B) Radiative Zone-It is the section of the solar interior between the innermost core and the outer convective zone. In the radiative zone, energy generated by nuclear fusion in the core moves outward as electromagnetic radiation. In other words, the energy is conveyed by photons. It takes almost 50 Million years for the energy to reach the surface.

(C) Convective Zone:- this layer contains 15% of Sun’s volume.

(D) Photosphere-This layer is about 100 Km thick.

Sun Spot

Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the Sun‘s photosphere that appear as spots darker than the surrounding areas. They are regions of reduced surface temperature caused by concentrations of magnetic field flux that inhibit convection.

Wikipedia

11.Every sunspot has two parts. Umbra and Panumbra. These parts are slightly darker than the rest of the surface of the sun.

12.These two parts have a fun process when the gas from Umbra to Penubra which is named after a scientist John Evershed who discovered it. This process is known as Evershed Flow. Evershed discovered this process in Kodaikanal Solar Observatory of India.

13. Sun spots are always exist in pair. One is leading sun spot and another one is tailing sun spots. But magnetic polarity of both are is always opposite to each other.

14. Sun spot cycle takes 11 years. Year 2001, 2011 was the year of sun spot Maximum year of this century. Now next sup spot maximum year will be 2021.

Solar Flares

15. Solar flares are a sudden explosion of energy caused by tangling, crossing or reorganizing of magnetic field lines near sunspots. Solar Flares always exits near Sun Spots.

NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory captured this imagery of a solar flare, as seen in the bright flash. A loop of solar material, a coronal mass ejection (CME), can also be seen rising up off the right limb of the Sun. Image credit: NASA/SDO/Goddard

16. The magnetic field lines near sunspots often tangle, cross, and reorganize. This can cause a sudden explosion of energy called a solar flare. Solar flares release a lot of radiation into space. If a solar flare is very intense, the radiation it releases can interfere with our radio communications here on Earth.

17. Solar Magnetic Storm also produces colorful glimpses in the sky

18.A sun storm is a hurricane emanating from the corona of the sun at a speed of seconds at 400 km.

Corona

19. Corona is very hot gas envelope ahead of Chromosphere . It has temperature nearly equal to 10 lakh degree Celsius . Generally this corona is not visible but it can easily watch during solar eclipse.

Life of the Sun

20. Life of the sun is 450 crore years. In future its hydrogen fuel will be disappeared.

Quiz – 04 /26

Previous Quiz

1. Taron Ki Sair Quiz -03 / Evolutoin of Astronomy

https://mahenphy20online.wordpress.com/2020/07/23/taron-ki-sair-quiz-3-evolution-of-astronomy/

2. Taron ki Sair |Quiz series – 02 /26 |Stars in the Sky

https://mahenphy20online.wordpress.com/2020/07/23/quiz-toron-ki-sair-episode-2-stars-in-the-sky__trashed/

3.Taron Ki Sair|Quiz-01|Episode- 01 Incredible Universe.

https://mahenphy20online.wordpress.com/2020/07/15/taron-ki-sair-episode-01-incredible-universe/

Taron ki Sair |Quiz series – 02 /26 |Stars in the Sky

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In previous Quiz Toron ki sair Episode 1- Incredible Universe ,thousands of students across the country attempted it and appreciated a lot. We will cover of whole series of Toron Ki Sair ( 26 Episodes), so I request all participants to keep learning and participating in the Quiz. It is a very interesting Astronomy documentary with full of knowledge. It provides tremendous  Learning opportunity with fun.

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Taron Ki Sair is a Science Documentary of 26 Episodes which was telecasted by Rajya Sabha TV ( RSTV).Watch this documentary and check your understanding by this Quiz.

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Quiz – 2

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Taron ki Sair |Quiz – 3 |Evolution of Astronomy

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Important Facts

1.The fast motion of the moon and the ability to see well it in the perspective of different stars, the Vedic people choose the moon for calculation of month.

2.When the moon was seen full, it was given the name Purnima (full moon) and the day when it was not seen , named amavasya ( no moon).

3.Vedic people knew that it takes a little more time than 27 days for the moon to revolve around the earth, but there are 29.5 days between two full moon or No moon.

4 There is a 13 degree difference in the day-to-day position of the moon in the sky, which the Vedic people divided the lunar path into 27 parts. On this basis,they named 27 stars as Nakshatra, the moon seemed to passed close to near theae stars while moving on its path.

5.The name of  a month is decided as on the basis of the Nakshatra through which the moon  passes closely on Purnima ( Full moon).

6.Earth takes 365 days to complete one  round around the sun which is considered as one Year. But according to a lunar month of 29.5 days, there were 345 days in 12 months, which was 11 days less than Sun month calculation.

7. To eliminate this difference, Vaidik Peoples add 3 lunar  Months in eight years period. These three months are known as Adhimas.

8. Kerala’s Kollam calendar is an example of solar calendar.

9. Vedic people first started showing a big time period. They inspected the motion of the sun and the moon while found in the 5 years period, both appears in a queue in Danishta Nakshatra. This time period of 5 Years was named as one Yug. Similarly, A period of 60 years was considered as a Yog in which the the Jupiter also appeared in a queue with  also the sun and the moon. So on the period of 43,20,000 Years was termed as Mahayug, in which all planets were appeared in a queue with the Sun and the Moon.

10. knowledge of Indian Astronomy is mentioned in 4000 years ago in Rig Veda, in which mentioned 27 Nakshatrs and different phases of the Moon.

11.The Vedic people divided the period from sunrise to sunrise i.e. 1 day in 30 Muhuratas, out of which 15 muhurtas are in the day and 15 muhurtas are in the night. Each Muhurata is equal to 48 minutes time. They divided longest day of year of summer in 18 Muhuratas and smallest day of winter in 12 Mohuratas to balance 30 Muhuratas of whole Day.

12.In 800 BC , Kidinnu invented an unique method of measuring the speed of the Moon. He found that the speed of the Moon does not always uniform. Today we know that the Moon curses the elliptical path around the earth.

13. Aristotle was first philosopher who suggested that our Earth is spherical in shape.

14. Aristarchus was first person who estimated the distance between the Moon and the Sun from the earth and predicted their size also.

15 The months were named after the moon on which the Nakshatrs was seen on the full moon day, eg Chitra month was named after Chitra Nakshatra.

16. The Earth takes 365 days to complete one revolution around the Sun.

17. Erasthanis was first scientist who determined the circumstance of the earth. He calculated it 40,000 Km which very close to actual value 40,076 I’m.

18. Aryabhatta wrote in his book arybhattiam that Our earth is spherical and rotates about its axis due to which day and night forms.

19. Swai Jai Singh established five observatories in Delhi, Jaipur, Mathura, Ujjan, Varanasi which are popular by name jantar mantar.

20. In each Janter Manter , there are 14 geometrical instruments were built of brick and stones to predict the Sun’s position, the position of stars and predication of eclipses?

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A Brief Story of Measurement of Speed of Light|Part 1|Galileo

Part – 1 Galileo

A Person who estimated that speed of light at least 10 times faster than sound.

Galileo made the first attempt in 1600 to measure the speed of light.

Although Galileo could not estimate the speed of light accurately, but it certainly made a strong foundation for its measurement.

Galileo Conducted an Experiment to measure the speed of light.

Because he knew that the speed of light is very high, so the distance taken to find the speed of light must be greater.

Central Idea of Experiment

He chose two hills located at one mile distance apart. Now he took two lanterns in which windows opening were made for light. Galileo decided to climb himself on one hill and his associate on the another hill. Initially both of them would keep the lantern burning. But the windows will remain closed.

Experiment – 1

He decided that the first Galileo will open the window of his lantern and started to count time. As soon as his associate standing on the another hill sees the light of Galileo’s lantern, he will open the window of his lantern. When this light of associate’s lantern will reach back to Galileo, he Will stop counting time.

Galileo noted down the time traveled from his lantern to his friend located one mile and reach the same light back to him. Now he simply decided two miles distance by time traveled to get speed of Light.

They did this experiment several times but every time they get different value of speed of light.

Galileo thought that if the distance between himself and the associate was increased, then the work could be made, thus his argument was that even after increasing the distance, the response period of the partner will remain the same.

He thought that the time taking place in reaching the light of the first two miles was the sum of time traveled by light in two miles plus reaction time of associate to seeing light and opening of window of his lantern.

Experiment – 2

Now he decided to doubles the dance, so time determined now will be the time taken to traveled the light to four miles in addition to reaction time of associate. The reaction time of associate will be equal in both experiments.

Now, he subtracted the time measured for two miles distance from the time measured in four miles distance. This process eliminated the reaction time of the associate and the time remained will be absolutely of time taken be light for two miles.

The results of this experiment were extremely interesting,he used different distances and the associate’s response time was removed but the speed of light remains same.

Conclusion

Galileo concluded that the speed of light is very high and the time traveled by it in few miles is very less . So it is difficult to find out exact value of speed of light.

Even if Galileo did not determine the speed of light, but he brought attention to a new direction to estimates and experimental studies on it.

“Galileo concluded that the speed of light travels at least ten times faster than sound.”

Video

Reference

http://www.speed-light.info/measurement.htm

https://lco.global/spacebook/light/speed-light/#:~:text=Galileo%20concluded%20that%20the%20speed,one%20person%20to%20the%20other.

https://www.google.co.in/amp/s/amp.interestingengineering.com/a-brief-history-of-the-speed-of-light

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